Perkembangan Islam di Arab Saudi (Studi Sejarah Islam Modern)

The purpose of this writing is trying to describe the development of Islam in Saudi Arabia as a historical study. As far as we know, Saudi Arabia is a monarchi constitutional state which locates on Arab Peninsula. Saudi Arabia was existed on 23th September 1932. Further, Saudi Arab had massive developments by their six kings before. Right now, under the conductiveness of King Salman as a seventh king, Saudi Arabia has been located as a great state among the superior state in this world. It is caused by the leadership form of Salman, like becomes a moderat leader and takes diplomatic approach to solve social, religion, economy and political issues in his country. As consequences of those policies, the development of Islam will appear on Saudi Arabia Kingdom

The Intensity of The Constitution According to Dustur Saudi Arabia

Types of constitution in the perspective of Dustur Saudi Arabia is the main problem of the study. Article 1 of the Saudi Arabian State states that the State of Saudi Arabia is the daulah of Islamic Arabia, its religion is Islam, its constitution the Book of Allah Ta'ala and the Sunnah of His Messenger. The existing provisions show that the constitution according to Dustur Saudi Arabia is diverse, has dynamics and intensity. The purpose of the study is to uncover the intensity of the constitution. Normative legal research is used as a method with an approach to the substance and intensity of law. The results of the study revealed that the constitution according to Dustur Saudi Arabia has a great variety with superior intensity. The variety is Nizham Al-Asasi lil-Hukm, The Qur’an, the Sunnah, and the Median Constitution. This varieties have a very close and inseparable relationship. the al-Kitab is at the highest and strongest level, followed by the Sunnah, Dustur Medina, and Nizham Al-Asasi lil-Hukm. Saudi Arabia's dustur has an intensity that is in line with maqashid al-shari'ah which includes the protection of all aspects of world life and the hereafter. The novelty is the Book of Allah was the first and foremost written constitution in the world. The conclusion is that the intensity of the constitution according to the Dustur Saudi Arabia is very strong and highest level. The al-Kitab and the Sunnah are absolutely references in formulating, establishing, and implementing the constitution and all the rules

Sejarah dan Perbandingan Pendidikan Negara Brazil dan Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this research is to compare the education sistem  in Brazil with a communist figure named Paulo Freire with the Government Sistem  of the State of Saudi Arabia (Islam), the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. The research method and the type of data collection in this research is library research. The analysis technique uses a descriptive analysis approach by reducing data from library sources. The results of the study in Brazil have a federal government sistem, a republican government sistem , unions, federal districts and cities in managing and regulating the education sistem . Saudi Arabia is a royal state. The education sistem  is more about the Islamic religion and is regulated by the organization The General Presidency of Girls' Education (GPGE). The conclusion is that Brazil applies the education sistem . Freire's concept of critical literacy education aims to raise critical awareness of the oppressed to the reality of oppression that has shackled them as human beings. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia has an education sistem  known as “The General Presidency of Girls' Education” (GPGE). Keywords: Brazil and Saudi Arabia, Multicultural Education

Konsep Pemerintahan Arab Saudi dan Kebijakan Visi 2030

Saudi Arabia is a country that upholds cultural values. The application of a government system that is royal or monarchy is an exciting study. An absolute monarchy system of government makes a king have the authority as head of government and head of state. This paper aims to provide intellectual treasures in science, especially in modern Saudi Arabia. In addition, as a country that makes Islam the state religion and a strong historical aspect is the main goal of this paper. While the result of this research is that in the course of Saudi Arabia's history, the government system has been slightly open, in other words, Saudi Arabia seems to be heading toward a constitutional monarchy system, this is seen in MBS's policy regarding Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030.  Negara Arab Saudi merupakan negara yang menjunjung tinggi nilai budaya. Penerapan sistem pemerintahan yang sifatnya kerajaan atau monarki menjadi kajian yang menarik. Sistem pemerintahan yang monarki absolut menjadikan seorang raja memiliki wewenang sebagai kepala pemerintahan juga kepala negara. Tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan khazanah intelektual dalam ilmu pengetahuan khususnya mengenai Arab Saudi modern. Selain itu, sebagai negara yang menjadikan Islam sebagai agama negara  dan aspek sejarah yang kuat menjadi tujuan utama penulisan ini. Sedangkan hasil dari penelitan ini adalah dalam perjalanan sejarah Arab Saudi, sistem pemerintahannya sedikit terbuka, dalam kata lain Arab Saudi sepertinya menuju sistem monarki konstitusional, hal tersebut dilihat dari kebijakan MBS terkait Visi 2030 Arab Saudi

Young Saudi Women Novelists: Protesting Clericalism, Religious Fanaticism and Patriarchal Gender Order

From the early 1990s Saudi Arabia witnessed a significant surge in women’s writing, especially of novels. This was not a temporary phenomenon but continued into the new millennium, at which time a new generation of young woman novelists emerged who developed a deeper critique of the Saudi state and society than their predecessors in the 1990s. Three well-known and challenging novels are examined: Raja ʾ al-Saniʿ’s Banat al-Riyadh [Girls of Riyadh] (2005), Warda Abd al-Malik’s Al-awba [Return] (2008), and Samar al-Muqrin’s Nisaʾ al-munkar [Women of Vice] (2008). It is argued that a fundamental aspect of these works is their critique of religion, or at least of clerics and their discourse which, in the case of Saudi Arabia, is a profound act. It identifies two approaches by the authors: the individualization of religion and especially the re-articulation of the image of God as a friendly and humanistic God, in contrast to the official discourse; and the development of a strong anti-clerical discourse

Political Economy of Religion: Maintaining State Legitimacy through Religious Discourse in the Arab Gulf

Contrary to the popular belief in IR that religion has no place within the political sphere, religion has been an integral part of the political and social fabric of the Middle East since the advent of Islam. States in the Arab Gulf, more specifically, have used religion and the religious establishment (Ulama) to proactively encourage support from the public when trying to permit or prohibit policies that would benefit or undermine state interests and objectives. For these states, religious discourse has become an essential tool to legitimate their authority and policies. By exploring this trend more closely, my dissertation fills a lacuna in the extant literature on the state-sponsored religious establishment in the Middle East and Arab Gulf by focusing on the role of religious elites or clerics in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and their attempt to use religion to influence public opinion toward the state domestically and regionally. In many cases, but not all, the ulama have become state-sponsored agents and have contributed to the dynamics of politics in the region being intertwined with interpretations of Islam and vice versa. Using a mixed-methods approach, I explore and compare the historical development of each state and the role of the religious establishment within the political sphere. I also use content analysis to examine religious sermons delivered by Saudi clerics sponsored by the Al-Saud as well as transnational ones sponsored by the UAE. These sermons illustrate the rhetoric and efforts of the religious establishment to appease political elites and galvanize the population in their favor. Finally, in the case of Saudi Arabia, I quantitatively correlate religious and sectarian discourse with public opinion data surrounding trust in government and perceptions of policies

Recalibrating Youth Bulge Theory Saudi Arabia’s Youth and the Threat to Security

This thesis addresses the question of whether Saudi Arabia’s youth bulge presents a threat to domestic and international security. Youth bulge theory informs us that if countries are home to large youth populations whilst experiencing high levels of unemployment they are susceptible to civil unrest, terrorism or civil war. It is irrefutable that Saudi Arabia has a youth bulge, high unemployment and -- in spite of its perceived prosperity -- it has experienced both domestic and global terrorism, with 15 of the hijackers on September 11, 2001 coming from the Kingdom. Consequently, following 9/11 Saudi Arabia was criticized by the West for having a religious education system that turned out terrorists, an allegation it strongly refuted. Given the recent resurgence in domestic and international terrorism by young Saudi members of DAESH (Islamic State), both within Saudi Arabia and the Levant, after a decade of relative calm, there would appear to be a strong case to support the theory. However, in Arabia, things are not always as they may seem. It is argued that youth bulge theory is overly focused on civil war and needs to be recalibrated to take account of Saudi exceptionalism. Built upon a foundation of Social Movement Theory, this thesis is supported by the three pillars of youth bulge, terrorism and feminist theory; the latter because half the population has to date been ignored by the academy in the discussion on youth bulge. Drawing from Durkheim’s work on religion, education and suicide, and Habermas for his public sphere, administrative power, education and crisis in society, the theory is reinforced by exhaustive ethnographic research and data drawn from primary and secondary sources. This process to recalibrate youth bulge theory will lead us to a better understanding of Saudi youth and an explanation for why when a few young Saudis embraced terrorism, the vast majority did not

Religious and Political Authority in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Alfred Stepan’s “twin-tolerations” thesis (2000) is a model for explaining different ways that religious and political authority come to be reconciled. In this paper, we investigate some obstacles and challenges to realizing a reconciliation between religious and political authority in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) that might result in a transition away from a theocratic monarchy to a more consultative form of political authority. Whereas most analyses of religion and politics in KSA focus on geopolitics, the rentier state model, or economic and military aid from the United States, we also consider local factors that emphasize the agency of political and non-political actors within KSA, focusing in particular on education policy and how this policy is a barrier to political reform. Our position is not meant to replace the standard models, but rather to supplement them by offering a multi-variable perspective on the challenges and prospects for meaningful political reform in KSA

The Politics of Religion: Women, Islam and Politics in Saudi Arabia

In this essay I focus on women in Saudi Arabia, who live in perhaps one of the most socially conservative countries when it comes to women’s rights. For example, Nimrod Raphaeli describes the daily lives of Saudi women in the following way, “women can not work without the permission of a responsible man in the family, cannot drive a car, and cannot go to a restaurant alone,” he goes on to descried how these rules are enforced by the “Prevention of Vice and Promotion of Virtue Police,” commonly referred to as the “religious police” (Raphaeli 2005, 526). Nevertheless, in the following paragraphs I demonstrate that women have found a way to navigate a religious and political climate that attempts to control most aspects of their daily life; and now with a growing push for social reform women in Saudi Arabia have begun to fight back against the religious, political, and social norms that limit them and reclaim both politics and Islam for themselves. I content that despite the existing assumptions and evidences that in Saudi Arabia women’s rights are circumscribed, Saudi Arabian women actively challenge these existing gender inequities, and are engaged in reclaiming their identity and defining their own lives on their own terms

The New York Convention and Saudi Arabia: Can a Country Use the Public Policy Defense to Refuse Enforcement of Non-Domestic Arbitral Awards?

This Note examines whether Saudi Arabia\u27s adoption of the New York Convention will advance the successful use of international arbitration by non-Saudi Arabian investors. Part I provides a background of the New York Convention, its purpose, and its historical application in the United States and the Middle Eastern countries of Kuwait and Syria. Part II examines the conflict between the Saudi Arabian legal system and Saudi Arabia\u27s adoption of the New York Convention. Part III argues that Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention allows a country with a unique legal system, such as Saudi Arabia, to give the appearance of embracing the international community, while permitting that country to reject arbitral awards that are contrary to its public policy. Part III also recommends possible modifications to Article V(2)(b) in order to prevent countries from refusing to enforce non-domestic arbitral awards. This Note concludes that the modification of Article V(2)(b) will prevent the circumvention of the New York Convention\u27s objectives and promote a uniform set of rules governing non-domestic arbitral awards